Tuesday, October 26, 2010
Sunday, October 24, 2010
Apa pendapat anda?
Sistem pendidikan kita ketinggalan
SOKONGAN...jangan ada pandangan skeptikal atau diskriminasi kepada pelajar, bagi yang lemah, masih ada cara untuk membantu asalkan tahu kaedahnya.
TUNJUK KEBOLEHAN...setiap pelajar ada keupayaan tersendiri, justeru kelas mengikut aliran boleh diwujudkan.
Ia melegakan masyarakat yang mahukan pendekatan baru serta telus dalam menilai prestasi pelajar berbanding sistem akademik dan peperiksaan yang dilihat lebih membebankan.
Bagaimanapun, ada yang tidak setuju dan berpendapat sistem peperiksaan masih relevan selain mempersoalkan persediaan pihak terbabit mencorak pembaharuan pendidikan.
Kini, wujud perbahasan, sama ada format baru itu bakal memberi impak dan mampu melonjakkan prestasi ke tahap membanggakan.
Dekan Fakulti Pendidikan Universiti Malaya (UM), Prof Dr Saedah Siraj, berkata sudah tiba masanya negara melangkah ke era pendidikan baru lebih fleksibel.
Beliau berkata cita rasa dunia kini berubah dan memerlukan suntikan baru dalam proses penyampaian, penerimaan serta pemahaman maklumat supaya masyarakat lebih bersedia berdepan arus permodenan.
Dekan Fakulti Pendidikan Universiti Malaya (UM), Prof Dr Saedah Siraj, berkata sudah tiba masanya negara melangkah ke era pendidikan baru lebih fleksibel.
Beliau berkata cita rasa dunia kini berubah dan memerlukan suntikan baru dalam proses penyampaian, penerimaan serta pemahaman maklumat supaya masyarakat lebih bersedia berdepan arus permodenan.
"Meskipun pendidikan ditakrif sebagai elemen sejagat, perubahan perlu ada sebagai mengimbangi kehendak global yang pantas berubah dan semakin berteraskan kemajuan serta kepelbagaian.
"Pemansuhan itu mencerminkan keberanian dan anjakan paradigma baru dalam sistem pendidikan negara, jangan jadikannya kontroversi atau disalah anggap kerana ia memang diperlukan, " katanya.
Menurutnya, meskipun negara memiliki sistem pendidikan antara terbaik di dunia, ia dianggap ketinggalan kerana menggunakan kaedah peperiksaan sebagai penilaian tahap kecemerlangan pelajar.
"Semua tahu tahap pencapaian setiap pelajar berbeza, tidak boleh dinilai melalui satu sistem semata-mata, malangnya itulah yang diguna pakai sejak sekian lama.
"Ini menyebabkan pelajar bosan dan tertekan, sekali gus mencetuskan insiden tidak dijangka, misalnya bunuh diri hanya kerana gagal dalam peperiksaan. "Sekolah patut jadi tempat menyeronokkan bukan membosankan.
"Justeru apabila kedua-dua peperiksaan itu dimansuhkan, ia wajar mendapat sokongan kerana membantu meringankan 'penderitaan' pelajar," katanya.
Meskipun format baru masih belum diputuskan, ia bagai menamatkan dilema pelajar, institusi sekolah, ibu bapa dan masyarakat yang mahukan kongkongan peperiksaan ditamatkan.
Cadangan format boleh disarankan ialah menyediakan aliran pengajian bersesuaian di tingkatan satu mengikut kehendak dan kapasiti pencapaian pelajar.
Aliran itu, katanya, boleh dijadikan asas menilai dan mencorakkan pencapaian pelajar dalam tempoh lima tahun hingga tamat pengajian tingkatan lima.
"Pelajar boleh memilih aliran diingini berdasarkan minat, kehendak, cita-cita dan diberi kelonggaran tidak terikat dengan kehendak pencapaian akademik semata-mata.
"Ia umpama saringan penilaian sebelum memasuki pengajian tinggi. Kaedah ini boleh mengelak tekanan belajar, sekali gus memudahkan proses penyampaian ilmu," katanya.
Beliau menegaskan konsep pendidikan bukan hanya terhad kepada akademik dan peperiksaan semata-mata, malah boleh menggunakan pendekatan deria seperti mendengar, melihat dan merasa.
"Ramai beranggapan hanya akademik dan peperiksaan penting menentukan kecemerlangan pelajar manakala proses pembelajaran berlangsung di bilik darjah.
"Anggapan itu perlu diperbetulkan kerana ilmu boleh diperoleh menerusi pelbagai cara, bergantung bagaimana guru mengaplikasi kaedah itu supaya boleh diterima dan difahami pelajar.
"Realitinya kebanyakan pelajar negara ini bersifat pasif dan enggan bertanya, dengan pemansuhan, skop pembelajaran lebih luas, sekali gus menggalakkan pengembangan budaya ilmu dengan kaedah bersesuaian," katanya.
Dr Saedah turut mencadangkan pelajar kurang cemerlang dimasukkan ke kelas pemulihan agar dapat memperbaiki kelemahan.
"Dalam sistem pendidikan, pelajar lemah kurang mampu menguasai 3M (membaca, mengira, menulis). Kelemahan ini boleh diatasi dengan kelas pemulihan.
"Sistem sedia ada kurang mempraktikkan S< menyebabkan mereka terus ketinggalan, justeru, aliran kelas berbeza ditambah kelas pemulihan dapat membantu memperbaiki kekurangan itu," katanya.
Sebagai sokongan dan persiapan negara menuju perubahan global, beliau berpendapat sudah tiba masanya kerajaan menubuhkan Pusat Pengembangan Pendidikan Masa Depan yang dapat menyediakan pelbagai hasil kajian.
"Di negara maju, peranan pusat ini diiktiraf membantu pelbagai sektor merangka persediaan masa depan," katanya.
INFO: > UPSR diperkenalkan pada 1988 sebagai ganti kepada peperiksaan Penilaian Darjah Lima yang diperkenalkan sejak 1967 manakala PMR pada 1993 menggantikan Sijil Rendah Pelajaran ( SRP) yang digunakan sejak 1960.
Tuesday, October 19, 2010
SX KA24DE Turbo Engine Build Upnissan
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| SX KA24DE Turbo Engine Build Up nissan |
Total tuning is a philosophy that involves putting parts together that will work well as a whole to net the maximum performance intended. The ultimate goal of our KA24DE build is to yield extreme power yet keep it within a reasonable realm of reliability. With the completion of our long-block assembly, we ensured that we had a strong core for our KA24DE. Next, we will go over the external engine accessories and parts to seal up our motor, preparing for its installation into our donor vehicle.
Since Naoto was going to build a KA24DE project long before we approached him about it, he had already begun making appropriations for an intake and exhaust manifold. By the time we got to our build, the basic construction of both pieces was already done. All that remained was for it to be adjusted for final.
The KA24DE intake manifold is similar in design to its S13 SR20DET brother in that it also has a two-piece design and runner path. After analyzing the overall design of various SR20DET aftermarket surge tanks, Naoto came up with his own design, using a SR20DET surge tank and the factory KA24DE as a base. The surge tank is a five-piece design that's constructed of a 3mm die-pressed aluminum sheet. That means that each sheet is cut to fit, inserted into a die mold, and pressed to shape. Each of the pieces are fitted together like a jigsaw puzzle to give it the overall shape. To promote a smoother, even flow of air, Naoto added velocity stacks at the end of each runner. The entire assembly is welded together after careful fitment.
To flow enough air to hit our power goals we knew a big turbo was in order, but we didn't think that NPD would go with a turbo this big. The weapon of choice is an HKS T51KAI turbo. Our initial reaction was: "No, that is way too big," but after the shock, we realized it made a lot of sense. This turbo is rated to make power in the 800bhp range, a hair over our target of 750 bhp. A heavy-duty turbo needs an equally heavy-duty wastegate to keep up with it. We called on Turbosmart for its new Power-Gate60. Newly released, it's 30 percent lighter, 20 percent smaller, and has 40 percent more flow than its previous Power-Gate50.
The design of the exhaust manifold is pretty straightforward. The key criterion is the same as any high-performance exhaust manifold: be able to adequately flow, be rigid enough to not crack, and be serviceable. The base flange is a 19mm CNC-machined piece designed by NPD. Exhaust moves out of the flange into 42.7mm ID, 3mm thick runners. Each runner meets at a 4-1 merge collector and is finally pushed out through a HKS v-band turbo inlet. Waste pressure is sent through a double-slip fit wastegate outlet tube. The wastegate tube is plumbed right at the base of the merge collector to maximize efficiency. The combination of wall thickness, pipe size, design, and slip fit joints work together to meet all of our criteria.
Monday, October 18, 2010
Toyota (Silver top and Black Top), Which is the best?
Fourth Generation
The fourth-generation 4A-GE engine was produced from 1991 to 1995. It has silver cam covers with chrome lettering, hence the nickname "silver top". This engine yet again features a completely new cylinder head which uses five valves per cylinder instead of four. It uses Toyota Variable Valve Timing ( system on the intake cam, an increased compression ratio (10.5:1), and the intake system was replaced with a short manifold with individual throttles and velocity stacks, however the vane-type was retained, requiring the use of a plenum. The previous 16-valve head used a sharply curved intake port, while the 20-valve engine used a very upright straight port. This engine produces 160 PS (120 kW; 160 hp) at 7400 rpm with 16.5 kg·m (119 ft·lbf) at 5200 rpm of torque.
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| Silver Top 20 Valve 4A-GELU |
Fifth Generation
The fifth-generation 4A-GE engine produced from 1995 to 1998 is the final version of the 4A-GE engine and has black cam covers. This engine is commonly known as the "black top" due to the color of the valve cover, and yet again features an even higher compression ratio (11:1), the air flow sensor is replaced with a MAP sensor, the diameter of the four individual throttle bodies was increased from 42 mm to 45 mm, the exhaust port diameter was increased, the intake cam lift was increased from 7.9 mm to 8.2 mm and the intake ports were significantly improved in shape, contour and also the width at opening at the head was increased. Additionally, the black top had a lighter flywheel, a larger plenum, and revised rubber velocity stacks, and was also offered in 1997 with a six-speed
This revision increased the power to 165 PS (121 kW; 163 hp) at 7800 rpm with 16.5 kg·m (119 ft·lbf) of torque at 5600 rpm. These figures were issued by Toyota and are considered optimistic. It is assumed that Toyota ran the motor without ancillaries to inflate the power ratings, as some companies did before the adoption of the SAE J1349 rating standards in 2005. Still, the 'Blacktop' has become a favorite among enthusiasts and is used as an easy power upgrade for the early Toyota Corolla models, especially for use in the drift scene. Squeezing extra power from such a highly strung N/A engine can be expensive because of the relatively high state of tuning of the stock motor, and most gains come from higher lift cams and engine management.
Mazda Turbo
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